Solution, Solvent, and Solute: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances, where the individual components maintain their chemical identity. The substance present in a smaller amount in a solution is called the solute, while the substance present in a larger amount is called the solvent. The solvent is the component that dissolves the solute to form a solution. For example, in a saltwater solution, water is the solvent and salt is the solute.
Saturated and Unsaturated Solution: A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. On the other hand, an unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent. In other words, an unsaturated solution has the capacity to dissolve more solute.
Colligative Properties: Colligative properties are the physical properties of a solution that depend on the concentration of the solute particles but not on their chemical identity. These properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
Raoult's Law: Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. In other words, the presence of a non-volatile solute in a solution will lower the vapor pressure of the solvent. This law assumes that the solute and solvent molecules are randomly distributed and that they do not interact with each other.
Molarity: Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution. The formula for calculating molarity is:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
Molarity is a commonly used unit of concentration in chemistry and is useful for calculating the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions.